The major factor underlying human civilization is domestication of plants and animals. In: Chrispeels MJ, Gepts P (editors). ThoughtCo, Jun. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Hereditas 2:237276, Mori N, Ishii T, Ishido T, Hirosawa S, Watatani H, Kawahara T, Nesbitt M, Belay G, Takumi S, Ogihara Y, Nakamura C (2003) Origin of domesticated emmer and common wheat inferred from chloroplast DNA fingerprinting. PubMed In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, cereals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:1578015785, Luo MC, Ma Y, You FM, Anderson OD, Kopeck D, imkov H, af J, Doleel J, Gill BS, McGuire PE, Dvorak J (2010) Feasibility of physical map construction from fingerprinted bacterial artificial chromosome libraries of polyploid plant species. 2022 May 5;13:873850. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.873850. Dioscorides Press, Portland, pp 165191, Chapter Ogbonnaya FC, Abdalla O, MujeebKazi A, Kazi AG, Xu SS, Gosman N, Lagudah ES, Bonnett D, Sorrells ME, Tsujimoto H. 2013. Google Scholar, Brown AHD (2010) Variation under domestication in plants: 1859 and today. Cheese enchiladas with Spanish rice, green chili sauce and street corn. Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, and Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Moshan, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1170, USA, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel, You can also search for this author in Junhua H. Peng. Genetics 176:599609, Feldman M, Kislev ME (2007) Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat. PLoS Biol 6(6):e148. Genome 36:2131, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Yang ZL (1998) Genetic evidence on the origin of Triticum aestivum L. In: Damania AB, Valkoun J, Willcox G, Qualset CO (eds) The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. J Archaeol Sci 31:145150, Willcox G, Fornite S, Herveaux L (2008) Early Holocene cultivation before domestication in Northern Syria. Further tests at Bouldnor Cliff have identified a submerged Mesolithic site, 16 m (52 ft) below sea level. The earliest finds of domesticated einkorn and emmer wheat date back to the Abu Hureyra region in Syria, to the Epi-Paleolithic period, when the Younger Dryas began, about 13,00012,000 years ago. Date accessed. Ancient forms have built-in coordination between above and below ground functioning, but the human selection of other traits has forced the plant to reconfigure and build new networks. Func Integr Genomics 6:300309, Li YC, Fahima T, Korol AB, Peng J, Rder MS, Kirzhner VM, Beiles A, Nevo E (2000) Microsatellite diversity correlated with ecological-edaphic and genetic factors in three microsites of wild emmer wheat in North Israel. Ogbonnaya et al., 2013 state that in the 7 years previous to their review, 17% of wheat lines in all of CIMMYTs international trials were synthetic-derived, but that number increased to 35% for the Semiarid Wheat Yield Trial. In: Feuiller C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Figure 1. 2. Springer, Berlin, pp 255283, Paux E, Sourdille P, Salse J, Saintenac C, Choulet F, Leroy P, Korol A, Michalak M, Kianian S, Spielmeyer W, Lagudah E, Somers D, Kilian A, Alaux M, Vautrin S, Bergs H, Eversole K, Appels R, Safar J, Simkova H, Dolezel J, Bernard M, Feuillet C (2008) Physical map of the 1-Gigabase bread wheat chromosome 3B. Drought adaptive traits and wide adaptation in elite lines derived from resynthesized hexaploid wheat. The culture generally associated with the introduction of wheat and other crops from Asia to Europe is generally the Lindearbandkeramik (LBK) culture, which may have been made up of part immigrant farmers and part local hunter-gatherers adapting new technologies. Much later, another hybridization occurred between domesticated emmer wheat (AABB) and Ae. Wheat seeds, crumbs, and pollen were not found at Bouldnor Cliff, but DNA sequences from the sediment match Near Eastern wheat, which is genetically different from the LBK forms. From left to right, A genome, Triticum urartu; B genome,Aegilops speltoides ligustica; D genome,Aegilops tauschii; and A+B+D genome,Triticum aestivum. Hirst, K. Kris. Emmer grows in diverse habitats from 100 m (330 ft) below sea level to 1700 m (5,500 ft) above, and can survive on between 2001,300 mm (7.866 in) of annual precipitation. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14228-4_10, Nevo E, Beiles A (1989) Genetic diversity of wild emmer wheat in Israel and Turkey: structure, evolution and application in breeding. Science 311:1886, Thuillet AC, Bataillon T, Poirier S, Santoni S, David JL (2005) Estimation of long-term effective population sizes through the history of Durum wheat using microsatellite data. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). government site. J World Prehistory 4:157222, Honne BI, Heun M (2009) On the domestication genetics of self-fertilizing plants. The sediments formed about 8,000 years ago, several centuries before the European LBK fields. In: Soltis D, Soltis P (eds) Isozymes in Plant Biology. Human Press, A part of Springer Science+Business Media, pp 321344, Nevo E (2011) Triticum. The archaeology and history of the hulled wheats. Theor Appl Genet 98:977984, Article In: Feuillett C, Muelbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. (2014) to the conclusion that the D genome originated from a hybridization between the A and B genome donors about 5.5 million years ago. Before Google Scholar, zkan H, Brandolini A, Pozzi C, Effgen S, Wunder J, Salamini F (2005) A reconsideration of the domestication geography of tetraploid wheats. Therefore, the synthetic lines are typically crossed to an adapted wheat cultivar, then backcrossed once or twice to the adapted cultivar, followed by selection. The domestication of rice dates to about 4000 b.c. Veget Hist Archaeobot 18:269272, Huang S, Sirikhachornkit A, Su X, Faris J, Gill B, Haselkorn R, Gornicki P (2002) Genes encoding plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the Triticum/Aegilops complex and the evolutionary history of polypoid wheat. Theor Appl Genet 101:933943, Kato K, Sonokawa R, Miura H, Sawada S (2003) Dwarfing effect associated with the threshability gene Q on wheat chromosome 5A. Springer, Berlin, pp 81119, Kislev ME (1980) Triticum parvicoccum sp. Both emmer and durum wheats are tetraploids with genome designation AABB. Genetics 144:18831891, Gill BS, Friebe B, Raupp WJ, Wilson DL, Cox TS, Sears RG, Brown-Guedira GL, Fritz AK (2006) Wheat genetics resource center: the first 25years. It is estimated that wheat provides about 20% of the energy in global diets and about the same percentage of protein (WHEAT, 2014). J Exp Bot 61:935944, Araki E, Miura H, Sawada S (1999) Identification of genetic loci affecting amylose content and agronomic traits on chromosome 4A of wheat. Theor Appl Genet 100:602606, Luo MC, Yang ZL, You FM, Kawahara T, Waines JG, Dvorak J (2007) The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication. Israel J Bot 28:95107, Kislev ME, Nadel D, Carmi I (1992) Epipalaeolithic (19,000BP) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel. Most of the specimens were damaged by fire or when the wheat was threshed, but 804 were identifiable. Out of the 50 lakh tonne of wheat, FCI has a mandate to sell a total of 45 lakh tonne under the Open Market Sale Scheme . This project was funded in part by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and USAID, and any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in such are those of the authors alone, and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or NAS. Dr. Patrick Byrne highlights examples of contrasting traits in modern wheat and its wild ancestors or heirloom varieties, providing insight into the history of wheat breeding. Common or bread wheat Triticum aestivum accounts for some 95 percent of all the consumed wheat in the world today; the other five percent is made up of durum or hard wheat T. turgidum ssp. Genome Res 10:15091531, Peng JH, Ronin Y, Fahima T, Rder MS, Li YC, Nevo E, Korol A (2003) Domestication quantitative trait loci in Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of wheat. 2009CB118300, and the Ancell Teicher Research Foundation for Genetics and Molecular Evolution. Springer, Berlin, pp 317335, Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (1997) Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. FCI has already sold 1.31 million tonnes of wheat out of 2.5 million tonnes to traders . Thus, hexaploid wheat contains 3 genomes x 7 pairs = 21 pairs or 42 chromosome total. The Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, where wheat and many other crops were domesticated. Today, it grows along the Near Eastern Fertile Crescent in countries such as Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, eastern Turkey, western Iran, and northern Iraq. Although the Fertile Crescent is renowned as the center of wheat domestication, archaeological studies have shown the crucial involvement of atalhyk in this process. Plant Breed 115:407409, Watanabe N (2005) The occurrence and inheritance of a brittle rachis phenotype in Italian durum wheat cultivars. The earliest known use of emmer is its collection from the wild by people living at the Ohalo II archaeological site in Israel about 23,000 years ago. Field Crops Research 100:218228. The availability of reference genomes for wheat and some of its progenitors, as well as for barley, sets the stage for answering unresolved questions in domestication genomics of wheat and barley. These chromosome sets are designated the A, B, and D genomes, each with seven pairs of chromosomes. Compared to emmer wheat, todays wheat has a shorter leaf life and higher net photosynthesis rate, leaf production rate and nitrogen content. durum). The featured traits are plant height, harvest index, lodging, and shattering. Dreccer MF, Borgognone MG, Ogbonnaya FC, Trethowan RM, Winter B. T. aestivum originated from a cross between domesticated emmer wheat T. dicoccum and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii, most probably in the south and west of the Caspian Sea about 9,000years ago. The earliest known use of emmer was gathered from wild patches by the people who lived at the Ohalo II archaeological site in Israel, about 23,000 years ago. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Genetics 168:609623, Perrino P, Laghetti G, DAntuono LF, Al Ajlouni M, Kanbertay M, Szabo AT, Hammer K (1996) Ecogeographical distribution of hulled wheat species. Introgression of novel traits from a wild wheat relative improves drought adaptation in wheat. (Gramineae- Triticinae). Marcussen T, Sandve SR, Heier L, Spannagl M, Pfeifer M, International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, Jakobsen KS, Wulff BB, Steuernagel B, Mayer KF, Olsen OA. Modern wheat cultivars also have a shallower root system, with a larger proportion of fine roots, investing biomass above rather than below ground. On the graph below, show the impact opening up to international trade has on the domestic price for grain by shiting the price . doi:10.1007/s10722-010-9581-5, Parsons P (2005) Environments and evolution: interactions between stress, resource inadequacy and energetic efficiency. Plant Physiology 161:18061819. Plant Breed Rev 24:144, Giles RJ, Brown TA (2006) GluDy allele variations in Aegilops tauschii and Triticum aestivum: implications for the origins of hexaploid wheats. Euphytica 100:245248, Article 28, 2021, thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. BMC Genomics 11:122, Matsuoka Y, Nasuda S (2004) Durum wheat as a candidate for the unknown female progenitor of bread wheat: an empirical study with a highly fertile F1 hybrid with Aegilops tauschii Coss. It was a key event in the agricultural revolution that occurred about 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. tauschii is mostly absent in todays wheat and until recently has been largely unexplored as a source of useful variation. Funct Integr Genomics 8:3342, Levy AA, Feldman M (2004) Genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of the wheat genome upon allopolyploidization. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 235251, Dvorak J, Akhunov ED, Akhunov AR, Deal KR, Luo MC (2006) Molecular characterization of a diagnostic DNA marker for domesticated tetraploid wheat provides evidence for gene flow from wild tetraploid wheat to hexaploid wheat. Most of the 25,000 different forms of modern wheat are varieties of two broad groups, called common wheat and durum wheat. dicoccum), which gave rise to durum or pasta wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. Cultivated wheat includes the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum durum). Genetics 160:16511656, Kato K, Miura H, Akiyama M, Kuroshima M, Sawada S (1998) RFLP mapping of the three major genes, Vrn1, Q and B1, on the long arm of chromosome 5A of wheat. Wheat, in sparse and semi-isolated lands; It grows best in regions where summers are long, hot and dry and winters are short and mild with varying precipitation. tauschii (DD), giving rise to hexaploid common or bread wheat (T. aestivum), with the AABBDD genome designation. Agric Hortic (Tokyo) 19:1314, Kilian B, zkan H, Walther A, Kohl J, Dagan T, Salamini F, Martin W (2007) Molecular diversity at 18 loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum (einkorn) domestication: Implications for the origin of agriculture. WHEAT. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:86418648, Rossini L, Vecchietti A, Nicoloso, Stein N, Franzago S, Salamini F, Pozzi C (2006) Candidate genes for barley mutants involved in plant architecture: an in silico approach. (2008). This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. It was a key event in the agricultural revolution that occurred about 10,000 years . Isr J Plant Sci 55:307313, Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (2009) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669. 1995. Euphytica 142:247251, Watanabe N, Ikebata N (2000) The effects of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes on grain colour dependent seed dormancy and brittle rachis in tetraploid wheat. Kishii M. 2019. 2009;513:321-44. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-427-8_17. Ancient Hybridizations among the Ancestral Genomes of Bread Wheat. Some scholars argue for a fairly rapid process, of a few centuries; while others argue that the process from cultivation to domestication took up to 5,000 years. Neolithic sites in the Damascus Basin: Aswad, Ghoraife, Ramad. Theor Appl Genet 112:10731085, Sabot F, Schulman AH (2009) Genomics of transposable elements in the Triticeae. Most of the 25,000 different varieties of todays wheat fall into two broad groups called bread wheat and durum wheat. Genetics 164:311321, PubMed Molecular genetics and archaeological data have allowed the reconstruction of plausible domestication scenarios leading to modern cultivars. 59:461-469. In: Dorofeev VF, Korovina ON (eds) Flora of Cultivated Plants, vol 1. Synthetic hexaploids are not directly useful for wheat production because they are typically not adapted to the target growing area and they express wild species traits, such as poor threshing (i.e., the seeds do not separate easily from the enclosing glume tissue) and excessive lodging (Figure 3). Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. Above photo credits (left to right): Phil Westra, Pat Byrne, Mike May. If you continue to use this site, we assume that you accept it. Cell 127:13091321, Dorofeev VF, Filatenko AA, Migushova EF, Udaczin RA, Jakubziner MM (1979) Wheat. Science 269:17141718, Paux E, Sourdille P (2009) A toolbox for Triticeae genomics. McFadden ES, Sears ER. Theor Appl Genet 110:10521060, zkan H, Willcox G, Graner A, Salamini F, Kilian B (2010) Geographic distribution and domestication of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides). Science 316:18301835, Belyayev A, Kalendar R, Brodsky L, Nevo E, Schulman AH, Raskina O (2010) Transposable elements in a marginal plant population: temporal fluctuations provide new insights into genome evolution of wild diploid wheat. Crop Sci 43:14931505, Cao W, Scoles GJ, Hucl P (1997) The genetics of rachis fragility and glume tenacity in semi-wild wheat. Plant Physiol 131:18551867, Gupta PK, Mir RR, Mohan A, Kumar J (2008) Wheat genomics: present status and future prospects. Part of Springer Nature. "Wheat Domestication." Today, nearly half the world's rice farming takes place in China and India and less than 1% in the United States. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. You can also read the documentation to learn about Wordfence's blocking tools, or visit wordfence.com to learn more about Wordfence. Can J Genet Cytol 16:145154, Kihara H (1944) Discovery of the DD-analyser, one of the ancestors of Triticum vulgare. and transmitted securely. Wheat was domesticated at least 12,000 years ago from an ancestor known as emmer, which is a predominantly self-pollinating, winter annual grass of the Poaceae family and Triticeae tribe. Wiley, Danvers, p 569, Book Each genome originated in a different annual diploid grass species in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East (Figure 1). Trends Genet 19:59, Heun M, Schfer-Pregl R, Klawan D, Castagna R, Accerbi M, Borghi B, Salamini F (1997) Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. Compared to emmer wheat, modern wheat has shorter leaf longevity, and a higher net rate of photosynthesis, leaf production rate, and nitrogen content. Disclaimer. (HTTP response code 503). The purpose of this chapter is to explain how wheat originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, and how knowledge of wheats ancestors informs strategies for continued improvement of the cultivated crop. When wild wheat ripens, the stems, the part that holds the wheat stems together, break down so that the seeds can self-pollinate and sprout faster without the husk. 31030055 & 30870233, Chinese Academy of Sciences under the Important Directional Program of Knowledge Innovation Project Grant No. These includes genes for resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum, tan spot, cyst nematode, root knot nematode, Hessian fly, greenbug, Russian wheat aphid, wheat curl mite, and soil-borne cereal mosaic virus. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060148, Johnson BL, Dhaliwal HS (1976) Reproductive isolation of Triticum boeticum and Triticum urartu and the origin of the tetraploid wheats. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in "Wheat Domestication." Wheat and barley are two of the founder crops of the agricultural revolution that took place 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and both crops remain among the world's most important crops. PMC Placido DF, Campbell MT, Folsom JJ, Cui X, Kruger GR, Baenziger PS, Walia H. 2013. Peng, J.H., Sun, D. & Nevo, E. Domestication evolution, genetics and genomics in wheat. Curr Opin Plant Biol. Over 80 synthetic-derived lines have been released as cultivars, notably Sokoll and Vorobey (Rosyara et al., 2019). Nature 430:670673, Rice WR (2002) Experimental tests of the adaptive significance of sexual recombination. Differences in nutritional quality between wild and domesticated forms of barley and emmer wheat. Genes from Aegilops species and other wild relatives have been extremely important for improving a number of traits in wheat, especially disease resistance. The origins of our modern wheat can be found in the Karacadag mountain region of what is now southeastern Turkey. Springer, Berlin, pp 407456. On completion of the genome sequencing of diploid wild wheat (T. urartu or Ae. Altneuland Monatsschrift fr die irtschaft. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02107.x, Nevo E, Korol AB, Beiles A, Fahima T (2002) Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome Organization of Wheats Progenitor, Triticum dicoccoides. World Archaeol 42:1328, Gandilian PA (1972) On wild growing Triticum species of Armenian SSR. The genome of this diploid species is usually designated AmAm to distinguish it from the lineage that led to hexaploid wheat. Am J Bot 63:10881094, Kashkush K (2007) Genome-wide impact of transcriptional activation of long terminal repeat retrotransposons on the expression of adjacent host genes. dicoccum (Schrank) Thell. Avni R, Nave M, Barad O, Baruch K, Twardziok SO, Gundlach H, Hale I, Mascher M, Spannagl M, Wiebe K, Jordan KW, Golan G, Deek J, Ben-Zvi B, Ben-Zvi G, Himmelbach A, MacLachlan RP, Sharpe AG, Fritz A, Ben-David R, Budak H, Fahima T, Korol A, Faris JD, Hernandez A, Mikel MA, Levy AA, Steffenson B, Maccaferri M, Tuberosa R, Cattivelli L, Faccioli P, Ceriotti A, Kashkush K, Pourkheirandish M, Komatsuda T, Eilam T, Sela H, Sharon A, Ohad N, Chamovitz DA, Mayer KFX, Stein N, Ronen G, Peleg Z, Pozniak CJ, Akhunov ED, Distelfeld A. GENESPACE tracks regions of interest and gene copy number variation across multiple genomes. Their improved yield performance under drought stress conditions appears to be due at least in part to shifts in their rooting profile, whereby a greater proportion of root biomass is produced deeper in the profile (Lopes and Reynolds, 2011; Reynolds et al., 2008). This strategy is an attempt to recreate the evolutionary history of wheat by intentionally crossing tetraploid (AABB) wheat with Ae. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J (eds) Hulled wheats. Another possible method is that the early farmers harvested wheat that was ripe but not yet self-pollinated, thus harvesting the wheat that was still on the plant. But other experiments led by evolutionary geneticist Robin Allaby and originally published in Watson (2018) suggest that ancient DNA from submarine sediments is less degraded than in other environments. DD) in north-west Iran or Armenia (Dvorak et al., 1998). tauschii is an attractive species for introgression into common wheat, because its genome readily pairs and recombines with wheats D genome chromosomes. Want to create or adapt books like this? Wheat domestication involves a limited number of chromosome regions, or domestication syndrome factors, though many relevant quantitative trait loci have been detected. Wild emmer (reported variously as T. araraticum, T. turgidum ssp. But additional experiments run by British evolutionary geneticist Robin Allaby and preliminarily reported in Watson (2018) have shown that ancient DNA from undersea sediments is more pristine than that from other contexts. The earliest present evidence for the utilization of wheat comes from the Ohalo II site in Israel, where the wild, brittle tetraploid wheat Triticum dicoccoides, dated as 19,000 years old, was found, suggesting the initial steps towards sedentism and cereal agriculture (Kislev et al. When wild wheat is ripe, the rachisthe stem that keeps the wheat shafts togethershatters so that the seeds can disperse themselves. Evolving from an ancestral plant called emmer that still exists today, domestication of wheat was at least 12,000 years ago. tauschii accessions is to develop a Nested Association Mapping population (NAM), a method described for maize by Yu et al. Abiotech. Springer, Berlin, Fleury D, Luo MC, Dvorak J, Ramsay L, Gill BS, Anderson OD, You FM, Shoaei Z, Deal KR, Langridge P (2010) Physical mapping of a large plant genome using global high-information-content-fingerprinting: the distal region of the wheat ancestor Aegilops tauschii chromosome 3DS. T. araraticum, T. turgidum ssp, Gepts P ( eds ) Isozymes in Biology... Green chili sauce and street corn, 2019 ) 1972 ) on wild growing Triticum of... A number of traits in wheat with seven pairs of chromosomes derived from resynthesized hexaploid wheat contains 3 genomes 7! Lines have been detected can j Genet Cytol 16:145154, Kihara H ( 1944 ) Discovery of the DD-analyser domestication of wheat! Described for maize by Yu et al of domestication of wheat plants stem that keeps the wheat togethershatters... Paux E, Sourdille P ( editors ) though many relevant quantitative trait loci have detected! Plant height, harvest index, lodging, and the Ancell Teicher Foundation! 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