Relationship of expansive stress and dry density with same water content of 10.10% for two stress path tests. shall be taken till equilibrium is reached. Why do clay soils swell? Therefore, the samples were more likely to be compressed with a smaller dry density. The grain size distribution of the soil is shown in Figure 3. To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? 6, no. Compression index was calculated according to the slope of the straight line. For the swell under load tests, it was difficult to expand for sample under axial pressure, especially when the axial pressure was considerable. The swelling mechanisms have been studied based on diffuse double layer theory (e.g., Sridharan and Jayadeva [1] and Tripathy et al. However, the thickness In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. Swelling soil is wide in distribution around Hubei, Guangxi, and Yunnan, China. Q. Wang, Y.-J. First, the water-absorbing capacity was different between the two stress path tests. The coefficient of correlation was 0.99 for the dry density of 0.16kN/m. smooth and flush with the top and bottom of the ring. A. Youssef, Three-dimensional model for moisture and volume changes prediction in expansive soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. Sills With an increasing moisture content, expansive stress strengthened until initial water content was 15.8%. In: Proceedings of the IEEE instrumentation and measurement technology conference, Budapest, Hungary, pp 287294, Teh CI, Wong KS, Goh ATC, Jaritngam S (1997) Prediction of pile capacity using neural networks. F - There are usually no structural implications to shrinkage cracks. As the water content increases, the soils will expand; conversely, when the water content decreases, the soils will generally desiccate and shrink. Expansive stress was determined from loading, which was used to preserve the original shape of sample. [2]). [5]; Adem and Vanapalli [6]; and Lin and Cerato [7]). 87, no. The ______________________ ____________________ is installed applied directly to the foundation wall. This concept was also extended to predict swelling pressure determined by constant volume method. The swelling pressure increased linearly at this stage. It was suggested that the dry density impeded the development of the soil swelling. Lifting of an EDGE of foundations is due to: T/F Differential settlement occurs when one part of the house settles and the rest does not. T. Schanz, M. I. Khan, and Y. Al-Badran, An alternative approach for the use of DDL theory to estimate the swelling pressure of bentonites, Applied Clay Science, vol. All of the samples expanded under any vertical load. Therefore, the measured swelling pressure increased. (a) Specimen Diameter: 60mm. Figure 14(a) depicts the compression curve for three samples with different dry densities under a water content of 10.10%. ring. A comparative review. in such a way to record the vertical expansion of the specimen. Schanz et al. expansive soils. content cans and their moisture content determined in accordance with of the porous stone. density, (c) the nature of pore fluid, (d) the stress history of the soil The dial gauges shall be fixed It can also be seen that the increase in the swelling pressure increased with the dry density. Beams see primarily ______________ loads. The designed dry densities were 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3. Copyright 2019 Changxi Huang et al. For the same moisture content and dry density, the swelling strain reduced significantly when the axial pressure rose from 0kPa to 25kPa; the swelling strain decreased slightly as the vertical stress increased from 25kPa to 100kPa. It was observed that the swelling pressures obtained from the constant volume tests were greater than the results from the swell under load tests. After the deformation stabilized, the samples were flooded with distilled water from the bottom porous stone. Columns shall be started. The minimum swelling pressure of concrete _____ psi. (Wythe). With an increasing dry density, the voids between the soil particles shrink, which results in the increase of the swelling pressure. This could be explained by the increase in the soil particle per unit volume, which results in increasing swelling deformation under the same initial water content. The evolution of the swelling strain under 0kPa was divided into three stages, which were the initial swelling, primary swelling, and secondary swelling stages. of the sample. (b) Initial water content of 15.8%. The results of the swelling pressure along the two stress paths were different. In general, the swelling strain decreased as the axial load increased under the same dry density and moisture content conditions. Stiffness refers to how much _______________ or ____________ takes place with a given load. This kind of soil will swell or shrink as the moisture content varies and is regarded as problematic soil in the geotechnical engineering field. Houses near the bottom of slopes may experience flooding problems. Geotext Geomembr 15:77120, Ikizler SB, Aytekin M, Nas E (2008) Laboratory study of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam used with expansive soils. These results could be explained by the change in the microstructure as the water content increased; this relationship could be described by a Gaussian function. 3, pp. Does moisture coming through a foundation wall cause the insulation to get wet and reduces insulating ability? Expansion characteristics of bentonites usually lead to significant destruction to infrastructures such as highways, mountain tunnels, and above-ground buildings. In: 12th Panamerican conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering/39th US rock mechanics symposium, Cambridge, MA, USA, pp 17671772, Rizzo DM, Dougherty DE (1994) Application of artificial neural networks for site characterization using hard and soft information. The related parameters were calculated and are listed in Table 4. To acquire desired initial moisture content, a certain quantity of water was sprayed to dry soil. PhD thesis, North Carolina State University, USA, Joshi RP, Katti RK (1980) Lateral pressure development under surcharges. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-1254-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-1254-1. The whole process should be quick to ensure minimum loss of moisture Neural Computing and Applications The increase in the volume fills the interparticle voids in the sample under confined conditions. Jayalath et al. 3 Background 3.1 Damages Caused by Expansive Soils 3.1.1 Structural Damages. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Ikizler, S.B., Vekli, M., Dogan, E. et al. 3099067 Hydrol Sci J 43(1):4766, Doris JJ, Rizzo MD, Dewoolkar MM (2008) Forecasting vertical ground surface movement from shrinking/swelling soils with artificial neural networks. 5.Not properly anchored [12] explained the anisotropic of the bentonite-sand mixture through microstructure images. The relation of expansive stress and initial moisture content was accurately described with a Gaussian distribution, unlike in the previously published studies. [18] showed that the horizontal expansive stress was affected by the dry density for different types of bentonites. For different dry densities, the same trend was observed for increasing initial moisture content: swelling strain first increased and then decreased without an applied vertical stress (Figure 10(a)). With the increase in the initial water content, the proportion of macropores decreased. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 793799, Sivakugan N, Eckersley JD, Li H (1998) Settlement predictions using neural networks. Figure 20 indicates that expansive stress clearly increased while dry density rose in both methods. 8, no. Then, the compacted specimen (Figure 4) was carefully transferred into another oedometer ring to minimize the possible residual lateral stress. (2) Moisture Content Effect. Because of ________________ _____________, masonry foundation walls are generally NOT as strong as poured concrete. 251261, 1974. The relationship of expansive stress and dry density could be fitted well by a power function. What are the different types of handrails used in bridges. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, London, vol 1, pp 3-5. To determine the effect of the initial moisture content on the swelling behaviour of expansion soil, expansive strain and expansive stress tests have been done with clayey soils from Yichang, China. Swelling behaviour experiments were conducted using the prepared expansive samples at different initial water contents (10.10, 12.85, 15.80, 18.30, and 22.19%) and different dry densities (0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3). 54, no. Figure 12 displays that expansive strain decreased sharply as the axial pressure increased from 0kPa to 25kPa, while it tended to decrease slowly as the vertical pressure increased from 25kPa to 100kPa. The soil was collected from the field site and dried by the oven. The values in parentheses were mineral contents. In Figure 16, swelling pressure tests can be described into three distinct phases. Greater swelling potential can be observed in expansive soils with plate-like structures that are oriented parallel to each other and perpendicular to the swelling direction. Nayak and Christensen [23], imen et al. More details are explained in IS 2720(Part 41):1977. The amount of deflection plaster and drywall will tolerate without cracking: Where beams or joists go into pockets in foundation walls, it's common to keep the sides, top and ends of the wood _________ an inch away from the concrete to allow air circulation and keep the wood dry. However, the relation between expansive deformation and moisture content in this paper was different from those obtained in other studies. total load in terms of division which when multiplied by the calibration factor gives Mount this assembly on the loading frame such that load applied (b) Dry density of 0.14kN/m, Coefficients of primary swelling and secondary swelling with dry density of 0.14kN/m. Meanwhile, swelling strain was also low, even though the dry density was 0.16kN/m3. Cui, and B. Chen, Effects of solution concentration and vertical stress on the swelling behavior of compacted GMZ01 bentonite, Applied Clay Science, vol. V. Sivakumar, J. Zaini, D. Gallipoli, and B. Solan, Wetting of compacted clays under laterally restrained conditions: initial state, overburden pressure and mineralogy, Gotechnique, vol. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 5(6):989993, Haykin S (1999) Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn. original volume. T. V. Bharat, P. V. Sivapullaiah, and M. M. Allam, Novel procedure for the estimation of swelling pressures of compacted bentonites based on diffuse double layer theory, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 11, no. Building and Property Inspection Module 1 Rev, Russian Cultural changes - literature and the, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. The relation of expansive stress and moisture content was in accordance with the relation of expansive deformation and water content achieved from expansive deformation tests. The coefficient of correlation was 0.99 for the dry density for different types bentonites... Initial water content, the water-absorbing capacity was different between the soil is wide distribution... 23 ], imen et al USA, Joshi RP, Katti RK ( 1980 ) pressure! Desired initial moisture content in this paper was different between the two stress path tests with of the particles. 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