By 212BC the full complement of the legions deployed would have been in excess of 100,000 men, plus, as always, a similar number of allied troops. Follow the steps: [115] Evidence of Carthage's financial situation includes their request for a 2,000-talent loan[note 9] from Ptolemaic Egypt, which was refused. The Romans facing Hannibal in southern Italy tricked him into believing the whole Roman army was still in camp, while a large portion marched north under the consul Claudius Nero and reinforced the Romans facing Hasdrubal, who were commanded by the other consul, Marcus Salinator. The Carthaginian senate refused to comply and so began the Second Punic War. [23], Beginning in 480BC Carthage fought a series of inconclusive wars against the Greek city-states of Sicily, led by Syracuse. They elected people to represent them in government. Since Roman authors wrote the history of the wars, they were called Punic Wars because they felt Carthage started them. This war was over who would control the island of Sicily. World History Encyclopedia. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? They substitute for the limited written records that describe the founding of Rome. [10] The details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account. They ordered him to give up his military and return to Rome. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. According to legend, as Scipio Aemilianus watched the once-mighty city fall into utter ruin, he broke down in tears. [58] So ubiquitous was the type that Polybius uses it as a shorthand for "warship" in general. First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War, (264-241 bce) first of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in the destruction of Carthage. [29] In 264BC Carthage and Rome went to war, starting the First Punic War. Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) The temper of the Roman people was soon made manifest during a conflict which broke out between the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. [83], Taking advantage of their naval victories the Romans launched an invasion of North Africa in 256BC,[86] which the Carthaginians intercepted at the battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies; allied legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. [265] The war dragged on into 147BC. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. Thank you for your help! How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? "|shift or raise with great effort; throw|violent; painful| The new allies increased the number of places that Hannibal's army was expected to defend from Roman retribution, but provided relatively few fresh troops to assist him in doing so. What were the Roman consuls allowed to do during times of crisis? Hannibal knew nothing of his brother's whereabouts until Hasdrubal's severed head was thrown into his camp. Why did Rome declare war against Carthage in the Third Punic War? Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of elephants the survivors of the 37 with which he left Iberia[74][165] in what is now Piedmont, northern Italy in early November; the Romans were still in their winter quarters. [247] The Roman and allied Numidian cavalry then pressed their attacks and drove the Carthaginian cavalry from the field. Rome and Carthage . In the battle of Cannae the Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal's deliberately weak centre, but Libyan heavy infantry on the wings swung around their advance, menacing their flanks. [22] During this period of Roman expansion Carthage, with its capital in what is now Tunisia, had come to dominate southern Iberia, much of the coastal regions of North Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and the western half of Sicily in a thalassocracy. According to the historian Will Durant: Worn out almost equally, the two nations rested for nine years. The Romans, more experienced at sea battles now and better equipped and led, won a series of decisive victories over Carthage and in 241 BCE the Carthaginians sued for peace. Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars, Three wars (264241, 218201, 149146 bce) between Rome and Carthage. The region provided several types of fighters, including: close order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close order shock cavalry[note 6] (also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat; the latter were usually Numidians. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. Carthage was compelled to give up its fleet and pay a significant indemnity to Rome in silver as a result of Hannibals defeats in the Second Punic War, effectively ending Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean and giving Rome control over Spain.What effect did the Punic wars have on small Roman farmers?By the end of the Second Punic War, much of the land had been destroyed; small farmers could not afford to restore the land; Patricians and wealthy businesspeople bought small farms and combined them to make latifundias. [243] Hannibal was placed in command of an army formed from his and Mago's veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, but with few cavalry. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. |inhuman|"The pain became inhuman. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. There were campaigns in Italy, Iberia (Spain), Sicily, North Africa, and more. A treaty was agreed in 201BC which stripped Carthage of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; imposed a large indemnity; severely restricted the size of its armed forces; and prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's express permission. First Punic War (264-241 B.C.) The Roman commander, nevertheless, persisted in throwing troops into the city, and, by seizing the Carthaginian admiral during a parley, induced him to withdraw. [182] Fabius introduced the Fabian strategy of avoiding open battle with his opponent, but constantly skirmishing with small detachments of the enemy. [278] The province became a major source of grain and other foodstuffs. The combined Roman force attacked Hasdrubal at the battle of the Metaurus and destroyed his army, killing Hasdrubal. The Senate gained increased prestige greater wealth and more influence in Roman government. What was the name of the Roman messenger of the gods? Carthage (/ k r d / KAR-thij) was a settlement in what is now known as modern Tunisia that later became a city-state and then an empire. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. Raising fresh troops to replace these delayed the army's departure for Iberia until September. He was stopped and defeated at the Battle of the Metaurus in 207 BCE, dying on the field. Abandoning that tactic resulted in a major Roman loss at the Battle of Cannae (216); that defeat drew the Romans together, and, though worn down, they managed to rally, eventually defeating Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (202). Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia. The Mamertini appealed to both Rome and Carthage, and the Carthaginians, arriving first, occupied Messana and effected a reconciliation with Hieron. Scipio was not able to prevent Hasdrubal from leading his depleted army through the western passes of the Pyrenees into Gaul. During the last three years of the war this was extended to the transporting by sea from Sicily to Africa of almost all of the requirements of Scipio's large army. [113][114], After more than 20 years of war, both states were financially and demographically exhausted. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? The Third Punic War was essentially the siege of Carthage; it led to the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its people, and Roman hegemony in the western Mediterranean. Carthage withstood the Roman siege for two years before a change of Roman command put the young general Scipio Aemilianus (later known as Scipio the Younger) in charge of the North Africa campaign in 147 B.C. In spring 212BC the Romans stormed Syracuse in a surprise night assault and captured several districts of the city. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily became Romes first overseas province. Rome gained a dominant position in the Mediterranean after defeating Carthage in these wars, and only Greece remained as a power in addition to Rome until Diocletian split the Roman Empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire in 286 C.E. Rome won the first Punic War when Carthage agreed to terms in 241 BC, in doing so, Rome became the dominant navy in the Mediterranean Sea, Carthage had to pay for war damages, and Rome took control of all of the Carthaginian lands on the island of Sicily. hey adopted some elements of the Greek religion. How did Julius Caesar become dictator for life? After tightening the Roman positions around Carthage, Aemilianus launched a forceful attack on its harbor side in the spring of 146 B.C., pushing into the city and destroying house after house while pushing enemy troops towards their citadel. [223], The Roman fleet continued on from Massala in the autumn of 218BC, landing the army it was transporting in north-east Iberia, where it won support among the local tribes. Carthage Under SiegeThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? Hannibal is called back to defend the homeland and he is defeated here at Zama. [267] Hasdrubal had Roman prisoners tortured to death on the walls, in view of the Roman army. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. After gaining control of Sicily during the First Punic War, Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea. The Romans certainly took this view and demanded Hannibals surrender. This was a long war, beginning in 264 BC and not ending until 241 BC. The Romans' lodgement between the Ebro and the Pyrenees blocked the route from Iberia to Italy and greatly hindered the despatch of reinforcements from Iberia to Hannibal. While the first war was primarily located in Sicily, the second found itself being a massive, multi-theater conflict. First Punic War (264-241 BCE); Second Punic War (218-201 BCE); Third Punic War (149-146 BCE); Rome won all three of these wars, allowing the Romans to dominate the Mediterranean region which had previously been controlled by Carthage. In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and . [77][78] The focus of the war shifted to the sea, where the Romans had little experience; on the few occasions they had previously felt the need for a naval presence they had usually relied on small squadrons provided by their Latin or Greek allies. The infantry from these areas were unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) The First Punic War was a conflict between Rome and Carthage. The Romans now directed their efforts once more against Sicily. The only noteworthy feature of the ensuing campaigns is the skillful guerrilla war waged by a new Carthaginian commander, Hamilcar Barca, from his strong positions on Mt. Related Content Mago left Iberia for Cisalpine Gaul with his remaining forces. His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the cancellation of Rome's planned campaign for the year: an invasion of Africa. The Carthaginian territories were taken over as the Roman province of Africa. [192] Toni aco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. [190] At least 67,500 Romans were killed or captured. The Roman Senate stated they considered the preparation of this force an act of war and demanded Carthage cede Sardinia and Corsica and pay an additional 1,200-talent indemnity. He created jobs in overseas Roman colonies for those in poverty. [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy to save their city but Scipio was a great admirer of Hannibal and had studied his tactics carefully. A gross breach of the treaty was perpetrated when a Roman force was sent to occupy Sardinia, whose insurgent garrison had offered to surrender the island (238). [40][41] The close order African infantry and the citizen-militia both fought in a tightly-packed formation known as a phalanx. [note 5] Many were from North Africa and these were frequently referred to as "Libyans". While this was the Romans only naval defeat in the war, their fleet had suffered a series of grievous losses by storm, and now it was so reduced that the attack upon Sicily had to be suspended. Rome divided the new territories into provinces. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard legionary served as javelin-armed skirmishers known as velites; they each carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3ft) shield. [179][180] The prisoners were badly treated if they were Romans, but released if they were from one of Rome's Latin allies. Several different "talents" are known from antiquity. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Carthage and Rome between 264-146 BCE. [129][130] Hamilcar Barca, a veteran of the campaigns in Sicily, was given joint command of the army in 240BC and supreme command in 239BC. The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. Omissions? This forced them West, into Spain, where a particularly famous family, the Barcas, started conquering Spain. [134] An expedition was prepared to reoccupy Sardinia, where mutinous soldiers had slaughtered all Carthaginians. Why did Cicero speak out against Julius Caesar? How did Julius Caesar influence the Roman leaders who came after him? [229][235] The last Carthaginian-held city in Iberia, Gades, defected to the Romans. Under what condition were Roman women allowed to run businesses? Updates? We care about our planet! Omissions? The added weight in the prow compromised both the ship's manoeuvrability and its seaworthiness, and in rough sea conditions the corvus became useless; part way through the First Punic War the Romans ceased using it. Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars, Three wars (264-241, 218-201, 149-146 bce) between Rome and Carthage. Meanwhile, the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague. The Punic Wars were caused by the competing interests of Carthage and Rome. Updates? The nearly 20-year conflict pitted Rome against Carthage and became a turning point in Roman history. Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. Why did the Roman Republic have two consuls? In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and marching overland into Italy with troops and elephants. In 207BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal, but was defeated before he could. [93] The Romans sent a fleet to evacuate their survivors and the Carthaginians opposed it at the battle of Cape Hermaeum (modern Cape Bon); the Carthaginians were again heavily defeated. The campaign ended in disaster for the Carthaginians and their army surrendered. [212], A large Carthaginian army led by Himilco was sent to relieve the city in 213BC. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. For the purpose of this article the focus will be primarily on the conflict in the Italian peninsular . Sicily, the main theatre of the First Punic War, Territory ceded to Rome by Carthage under the treaty is shown in pink. Campaigns of the Second Punic WarYassineMrabet (GNU FDL). Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Hannibal's father, a Carthaginian general, made his son swear everlasting hostility to Rome. View Hannibal's campaign against Rome with the siege of Saguntum, The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241218, https://www.britannica.com/event/Punic-Wars, Humanities LibreTexts Library - The Punic Wars, UNRV History - The Punic Wars and Expansion, Punic Wars - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [2][8] The modern historian Andrew Curry sees Polybius as being "fairly reliable";[9] Craige Champion describes him as "a remarkably well-informed, industrious, and insightful historian". The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana These wars were fought on three frontiers. The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the First Punic War. Although Valentines Day shares its name with a martyred Christian saint, some historians believe the holiday is actually an offshoot of Lupercalia. [40][44] The Gallic cavalry, and possibly some of the Iberians, wore armour and fought as close order troops; most or all of the mounted Iberians were light cavalry. The Carthaginians refused to comply with this and so began the Third Punic War. Gauls now joined Hannibal's army in large numbers. Carthage and Rome. These developments made possible the subsequent Roman overseas wars of conquest. The Romans objected to this attack and demanded that Carthage deliver Hannibal to Rome. . [45] Slingers were frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands. [59] A quinquereme carried a crew of 300: 280 oarsmen and 20 deck crew and officers. [193] Brian Carey writes that these three defeats brought Rome to the brink of collapse. [145] Hamilcar took the army which he had led in the Mercenary War to Iberia in 237BC and carved out a quasi-monarchial, autonomous state in its south east. Punic Wars. Did Rome win all three Punic Wars? Nevertheless, three years . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [28] The immediate cause of the war was the issue of control of the independent Sicilian city state of Messana (modern Messina). In this fight, Romulus killed Remus. Since the 19th-century read more, As the first Roman emperor (though he never claimed the title for himself), Augustus led Romes transformation from republic to empire during the tumultuous years following the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. [101][102] The Romans rapidly rebuilt their fleet, adding 220 new ships, and captured Panormus (modern Palermo) in 254BC. How was Rome ruled after General Sulla died? Though its invasion of North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. Hannibals losses in the Second Punic War effectively put an end to Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean, leaving Rome in control of Spain and allowing Carthage to retain only its territory in North Africa. ), or Marcus Antonius, was an ally of Julius Caesar and the main rival of his successor Octavian (later Augustus). [173][174] The Romans stationed an army at Arretium and one on the Adriatic coast to block Hannibal's advance into central Italy. Significance of Punic Wars. Through a treaty with the small city of Rome, she barred Roman trade in the Western Mediterranean and, as Rome had no navy, was able to easily enforce the treaty. The next time I comment this attack and demanded Hannibals surrender 264241, 218201, 149146 )! Did the Punic Wars, Three Wars ( 264-241 BC ) the Punic... Defeated here at Zama more influence in Roman history women allowed to run businesses, where mutinous soldiers had all! 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