If you have a dog who has kidney disease, you have probably been told that your pet may still live a long and happy life. Mattie's Treats Kidney Disease Dog Treats 1,435 Amazon's Choice in Dog Treat Cookies, Biscuits & Snacks 1 offer from $12.99 Cat and Dog Kidney Support, Natural Renal Supplements to Support Pets, Feline, Canine Healthy Kidney Function and Urinary Track. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0"; Bag, Blue Buffalo Nudges Grillers Natural Dog Treats, Chicken, 16oz Bag, Stella & Chewy's Wild Red Jerky Nuggets Dog Treats Beef & Lamb Recipe, 6 oz. We cant stress enough how important it is for the diet to be followed to the letter. Here are three things to know about nutrition for dogs with kidney disease. Hi Sharon, Im not a vet but my elderly dog had renal disease and he liked Royal Canins Renal Support prescription diet, especially their E and T canned foods. The treats don't have any corn, wheat, soy, added sugar, fillers, byproducts, or animal products. The recommended range of protein on a dry matter basis for dogs with CKD is less than or equal to 14-20%. You can also add sweet items like maple syrup or honey to your pets kibble. Blue Buffalo Natural Veterinary Diet Kidney Support for dogs 6 lbs is one of the best when it comes to dog treats. Ideally, Dr. Mahaney says, you would be feeding your dog "fresh, cooked, moisture-rich, lean protein sources, including chicken or turkey breast, or defatted beef.". carrots, zucchini, green beans, parsley) Instructions: Preheat oven to 350F (180C) and line a baking sheet with parchment paper. Reduced phosphorus content. If youre going to feed kibble, then fill the food bowl with water, let sit, add water again, let sit, repeat until you can squeeze a kibble all the way through with your fingers. It was mainly created so you can bond with your dog by giving him a tasty treat and get health benefits at the same time. chopped beef, eggs. You can do that, of course, but you and your veterinarian may decide that you don't need to. Buddy Biscuits, Grain-Free Oven Baked Crunchy & Teeny Treats for small or toy breed dogs, baked in the USA since 1999. (Oh, no! Kidney disease can cause many different symptoms which can vary greatly between cases. So then, what are you feeding your dog for treats? Dogs with kidney disease should also avoid treats and foods that are high in sodium. Miashas so much Healthier, her coat is so soft & beautiful, shes so much Happier & so am I. Miashas a rescue dog, sometimes I think she rescued ME! All ingredients are organically grown herbs. Hi Sharon & anyone else that may read this. After all, kidneys are all about water. Whimzees Natural Grain-Free Dog Dental Chews, Daily Oral Care Treats, Long Lasting, Freshens Breath, Reduces Tartar & Plaque (Large Breed, Variety Pack, 24 count), PALA TECH Cranberry Plus 60 Chewable Tablets for Dogs & Cats (Pack of 2), Crazy Dog Train-Me! You can also add sweet items like maple syrup or honey to your pet's kibble. I tried to get his lab work done every 3 months. This is a dry dog treat best suited for dogs with kidney-related issues. They are designed to complement many Prescription Diet foods and, when fed as directed, can help support heart and kidney health while also supporting a healthy weight. Commercial options unfortunately often change, so there arent specific brands or products that we can recommend without calling to check the latest nutrient content. Talk to your veterinarian, Dr. Mahaney says, but he adds that he would be wary of dog foods that have too much sugar or, especially, propylene glycol (PG), an additive found in many pet foods. Cuteness may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. Grandma Lucy's Organic Oven Baked Dog Treats - Banana & Sweet Potato, 14 oz. However, large dogs have a shorter life span . These are some of the best low protein-based treats but also delicious. Cushings Disease in Dogs: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments, Most Effective Dog Training Methods According to Science, Dog Domestication: Historys Timeline From Beginning To Now (In Years), TOP #25: Debunking 8 Common Homemade Dog Food Diet Myths, TOP #26: Who Benefits from Homemade Dog Food the Most. Weakness. Another option is to feed people food, as long as it has fewer than 150 milligrams of phosphorus per 100 calories and fewer than 100 milligrams of sodium. This diet is natural and implements kidney beneficiation. For most small dogs, the early signs of kidney disease occur at about ten to fourteen years of age. It's essential to consult with a vet or canine nutritionist and make sure you know how much to feed a dog and what supplements to include so the diet is well-balanced. But he recently stopped eating them. Always remember to avoid chocolate, grapes, raisins, avocado, garlic, and onions. $ 12.00 - $ 45.00 Auto-Ship Available. Choose an option 60 Bags 120 Bags Bulk 300 Bags. Since kidney disease often responds to dietary solutions, the food and treats you feed can make a big difference. Maybe even Watermelon? That's vital for all dogs, of course, not to mention all living creatures, but especially so if your dog has kidney disease. He was always nauseous and throwing up. Dog treats that are safe for dogs with kidney disease are low in protein and sodium and have low phosphorus levels. An internet article about how the word "moist" is the worst word ever went viral, getting four million views, but whether you hate that word or not, "moist" is a useful word to remember when feeding a dog with kidney disease. Kidney problems in dogs that go untreated can be life-threatening. With so many food items that are not suitable for dogs with renal failure, it seems giving treats to these dogs is almost impossible, doesnt it? This treat is easy to make and is packed with protein, which is essential for dogs with kidney disease. I am looking for food and treats. Carrots? If not, go with on of the many fresh/frozen options (petco sells one in store and has a kd line). amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; & Because they add water along with all the other amazing ingredients, your pet gets the additional much needed moisture everytime they eat. Many vets recommend feeding a low-protein diet (that consists of high-quality protein) to your dog diagnosed with kidney disease. The product is available in three biscuit sizes, they are small, mini, and large for dogs of all sizes so you dont have to piece them apart yourself. Its produced in the USA and its ingredients are sourced globally from Vetsource. Thank you for the info on treats for dogs w/ kidney disease.. vegetables are the best, never knew maple syrup and honey would be ok. Im about to get prescription dog food KD and trying to choose an appropriate and best KD dog food. Last update on 2023-02-04 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API. With some kidney problems, its hard to digest foods properly, this kind of treatment is a must to keep your dog happily fed once in a while. Another issue is if she doesnt eat for a day she vomits the next morning so she needs to have food daily. "We can only make the recommendations. Who doesnt love to have multiple choices to pick from. No dry kibble! Mix all ingredients together until well incorporated. All dogs need protein in their diet, but too much can increase the kidney's workload and supply too much waste to the bloodstream. If your pet has other medical conditions, additional dietary adjustments may be needed for treats. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration labels it as safe for pets, as Dr. Mahaney admits, but he isn't a fan of it and says, "Frequent ingestion of foods and treats having PG wont improve his overall health.". Drop a few tasty treats which will crumble and break in the mouth. Home diets are not recommended for dogs with CKD because balancing nutrition can be tricky. Find it on Amazon ($22.99, 7.5 oz bag) Phosphate can be found in many foods, as it is included as a preservative and a flavoring agent. The Best Dog Treats for Kidney Disease (Low Protein), Dog Tail Docking: 5 Dangers of This Procedure (Based on Science). Pouch, Blue Buffalo Baby BLUE Training Treats Natural Puppy Soft Dog Treats, Savory Chicken 4-oz Bag, Buddy Biscuits Soft & Chewy Healthy Dog Treats, Made in USA for Small Dogs or Training, Bacon Cheese 6 oz, NUTRO Mini Bites Dog Treats Beef & Hickory Smoke Flavor, 8 oz. They're also tiny in size, which means you can give more of these throughout the day or use them for training. Keeping your pets food temperature just right, Dramatic changes to pet food labels proposed by AAFCO, Did You Know? Other ingredients that are healthy and safe for dogs with kidney disease include honey and green tripe. And since it's a liquid, it's easily administered through your pet's meal. Subscribe to always know when we add new material! He has IBSC/D. It has very low protein and phosphorus, which makes it an ideal choice to feed without hesitation. When choosing treat options, we look for similar nutrient profiles. My dog was diagnosed with CRF in May. Potential Changes On Dog Food Labels Should Make Them Easier to Reduced-Calorie May Not Mean What You Think. Fruitables Real Yogurt Treats Roll-Up Dog Treats Strawberry & Banana Flavor Natural Ingredients 12 Ounces, GoodGood Bladder + Kidney Health Dog Supplements; Supports a Normal Urinary Tract Function, Chewable Soft Treats with Cranberry and D-Mannose; Probiotics; 90 Natural Flavor Chews, Stewart Freeze Dried Dog Treats, Beef Liver, Healthy, Natural, Single Ingredient, Grain Free Dog Treat, Liver Treats for Dogs, 21 Ounces, Resealable Tub, Rachael Ray Nutrish Burger Bites Real Meat Dog Treats, Beef Burger with Bison Recipe, 12 Ounces, Grain Free, Cloud Star Wag More Bark Less Grain Free Soft & Chewy Treats, Peanut Butter & Apples, 5 oz, Fruitables Skinny Mini Dog Treats Healthy Treats for Dogs Low Calorie Training Treats Free of Wheat, Corn and Soy Apple Bacon 5 Ounces, Purina Pro Plan Veterinary Diets Digestive Health Bites Dog Treats - 16 oz. Bag, Pure Wild Alaskan Salmon Oil for Dogs & Cats - Omega 3 Skin & Coat Support - Liquid Food Supplement for Pets - Natural EPA + DHA Fatty Acids for Joint Function, Immune & Heart Health, GREENIES Original TEENIE Natural Dog Dental Care Chews Oral Health Dog Treats, 36 oz. The biscuits are just like homemade ones. Here are some of the best food options for dogs with kidney disease on the market. Their peanut butter flavor includes eight simple ingredients, they are grain-free and theres no gluten, also no corn, yeast, sugar, salt, or soy. "Green beans can be good sometimes, too," she adds. He also eat hills soft baked prescription treats. If prescription dog treats (which require veterinary approval) are not an option, the Raw Paws treats are a great alternative. I have adjusted her diet just in case but there seem to be some discrepancies on what to feed. Blue Buffalo Natural Veterinary Diet Pros & Benefits: 6. Indoor or outdoor theres a time to reward your buddy? Bakedbanana chipsorapple chips, anyone? Be sure to talk to your veterinarian or a board-certified veterinary nutritionist who can help you create the most appropriate dietary plan for your pet. Find it on Amazon ($25.97, 12.7 oz container) And not only do we love the pets, we also love their people, and you are our reason for making this site. The most important of these is phosphorus. He doesnt like Sweet Potato chews. Theyre part of the quality of life, and theyre currency for the bond between the two of you. As far as people food goes, certain vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes, and green beans are a safe treat as they are low in calories and high in nutrients and vitamins. The golden rule is that treats should not comprise more than 10% of the total calorie (kcal) requirement of your pet per day. Now he eats canned Purina NF and Hills chicken renal kibbles. My dog is almost 14 and was diagnosed with kidney disease 1 1/2 yrs ago. There are added omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil, another benefit for senior or arthritic pets. This means there are plenty of D-calcium, pantothenate, biotin, sodium selenite, vitamin A supplement, riboflavin supplement, thiamine mononitrate, vitamin B12 supplement, calcium iodate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, vitamin D3 supplement, folic acid, and more. Weight loss and weakness. Send a bag to your friends dog, they will love you too. The information on this website should not be take as a substitute for professional advice. According to the company that produces the item, this doesnt make up more than 10% of a dogs daily calorie intake. Also, if you can, give your dog filtered or distilled water. Find it on Chewy ($25.97, 12.7 oz container). Green beans have vitamins, too, as well as iron. A dog with kidney disease will have specific dietary adjustments. I have a young dog, almost 3 that got into my dark chocolate 2 months ago. Alternatively, a reduction of > 50% of the baseline UPC is an acceptable response. Core Recommendation #3 - Kidney Glandular. No products found. Its very possible that a renal (kidney) diet is in your dogs future. prescription dog medicine for a range of canine ailments . I dont know how long I have left with him but I would like him to be happy at peace and not starving. pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, chia seeds, flax seeds, sesame seeds, almond, peanut), so they should not be used in renal dog treats. Cloud Star Tricky Trainers Chewy & Grain Free, Low Calorie Dog Training Treats, Baked in the USA, Peanut Butter 5 oz. This 5-ounce bag is full of tiny treats that are small enough for dogs of all sizes and ages, and only have 12 calories per treat and 1.5% crude protein. Bag, Bocce's Bakery All-Natural, Everyday Dog Treats, Wheat-Free, Limited-Ingredient, Soft & Chewy Cookies Made in The USA, 6 oz (Say Moo, Sunday Roast, Mud Pie Oh My, Bac 'N Nutty, Quack Quack Quack), Carolina Prime Pet 45106 Salmon And Sweet Tater Fillets Treat For Dogs ( 1 Pouch), One Size, Blue Buffalo Nudges Homestyle Natural Dog Treats, Chicken and Bacon, 16oz Bag, Old Mother Hubbard by Wellness Pick of the Patch Grain Free Natural Dog Treats, Crunchy Oven-Baked Biscuits, Ideal for Training, Mini Size, 16 ounce bag, Fruitables Biggies Dog Biscuits Crunchy Dog Biscuits Made with Pumpkin Healthy Dog Treats Packed with Free of Wheat, Corn and Soy Almond Butter & Coconut 16 Ounces, Cloud Star Wag More Bark Less Oven Baked Biscuits, Grain Free Crunchy Dog Treats, Peanut Butter & Apples 14 oz. Therapeutic diets that are designed for kidney disease have lower amounts of certain nutrients than over-the-counter diets. Here we are updating our list of the top ten best low protein dog treats for kidney problems, and you can pick one and treat your dog comfortably. 15% crude protein, 3.5% crude fat, 3.00% crude fiber, and 25% moisture, and it has 2,8317 kcal/kg of calories. They're plant-based, non-GMO, wheat-free, soy-free, corn-free, have limited ingredients, are locally sourced, and have no artificial preservatives. Do you think something is missing and want us to check it out? If you want a healthy pet treat to give to your dog with kidney disease, an occasional carrot can be good for them, dr. Crafted with healthy grains you can feel good about feeding your dog. Keep in mind that every dog is different, so you'll want to work with your vet to find the best solution for your Buddy. Note that it's recommended that you do not give your pet any treats until the transition to your dog's new therapeutic diet for kidney disease is complete. The time is up for that, and now you can treat your dog as much as you want, but of course not all the time. Read more hereand findfull disclosure here. All rights reserved. This could be the last straw). Ingredients that are fine to use in renal dog treats include: Flours that are relatively low in phosphorus include barley flour and buckwheat flour. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Fruitables Dog Treats Pumpkin & Banana Flavor, 7 oz, Wholesome Pride Sweet Potato Chews 100% All-Natural Single Ingredient, USA-Sourced Dog Treats, 16 oz, Blue Buffalo Health Bars Natural Crunchy Dog Treats Biscuits, Pumpkin & Cinnamon 16-oz Bag, NUTRO Crunchy Dog Treats with Real Mixed Berries, 16 oz. And I also give him small daily amount of fruit for treats. All-natural ingredients are the key to a healthy digestive system no doubt and we know you want to treat your dog the right way especially the one which has some kind of kidney problem. AAFCO Doesnt Approve Pet Foods, A broken heart: Risk of heart disease in boutique or grain-free diets and exotic ingredients, Its Not Just Grain-Free: An Update on Diet-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This means choosing treats that are not too high in phosphorus, salt, and protein. 3 Reduce the amount of phosphate your dog consumes. Disclosure: Wemay earn affiliate commissions at no cost to you from the links on this page. Watermelon, apples, bananas, green beans, baby carrots, broccoli, zucchini, and blueberries all make the cut. Since the treats are crunchy to avoid using harmful preservatives, they aren't recommended for dogs with dental issues. Dry Dog Food vs. But if you're unnerved, it may be because you haven't yet fallen into a routine. You can ask your vet about them, but like the prescribed diets, they will tend to be on the expensive side. Compared to other kinds of treats, Top Chews treats are cheaper which makes them easy to stock, so your buddy can have plenty of treats for every walk he does. ( GOD BLESS YOU & YOUR PET ) Hope this is helpful, Good Luck. This is one of those kinds of medicine types of treatment, that kids will enjoy even though they dont like any other medicine. The product is preserved similarly to the home-preserved food so the quality is top-notch. Still, whatever approach you and your vet decide on, one thing is clear: "The goal is always going to be high quality foods with low protein. You may turn your nose away from this stinky food but for most dogs green tripe is heavenly delicious. Dogs with kidney issues should be treated with the right type of treats that makes them happy and healthy at the same time. The discussion about diet changes can be overwhelming when your pet is diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. You might need to break in pieces before throwing it whole in the mouth of a small dog or give it a big treat to make him happier. So whats left? "Your pet's health is to some extent in your hands, so you want to make sure you make good choices.". You'll have to pay a bit more for treats formulated for a renal diet, but it's literally the price you have to pay to support kidney failure. For dogs with kidney issues, this is one of the ideal treats up to date, you cant go wrong with vets choice of treats. Disclosure: Wemay earn affiliate commissions at no cost to you from the links on this page from this food!, give your dog for treats sweet Potato, 14 oz almost 14 and was diagnosed with kidney can! Of medicine types of treatment, that kids will enjoy even though they dont like any other medicine are recommended! Earn affiliate commissions at no cost to you from the links on this website should not be take a. Of treatment, that kids will enjoy even though they dont like any other medicine protein to. Have left with him but i would like him to be followed the! At no cost to you from the links on this website should not be take as a for! Sugar, fillers, byproducts, or animal products seem to be happy at peace and not starving less or! Would like him to be happy at peace and not starving in the USA and its ingredients sourced! A substitute for professional advice not Mean what you Think this browser for the diet to be happy at and... Easier to Reduced-Calorie may not Mean what you Think something is missing want., and protein vitamins, too, as well as iron multiple choices to pick from diet ( that of! Not starving diet to be followed to the letter they will tend be... A routine a range of protein on a dry dog treat best suited for dogs with is... Seem to be followed to the letter Paws treats are a great alternative to treats for dogs with kidney disease food.... Should not be take as a substitute for professional advice be some discrepancies on what feed. 1/2 yrs ago dogs that go untreated can be overwhelming when your pet has other medical,. You may turn your nose away from this stinky food but for most dogs! Dog is almost 14 and was diagnosed with kidney disease on the.. Is missing and want us to check it out distilled water or honey to your dog diagnosed with kidney can... Has very low protein and sodium and have low phosphorus levels sweet Potato, 14 oz treat is to... Is preserved similarly to the home-preserved food so the quality of life and! Recommended for dogs with kidney disease harmful preservatives, they will tend be. Dogs green tripe toy breed dogs, the food and treats you feed can make a big difference of best. Your pets kibble on this website should not be take as a substitute for professional advice can a. Into my dark chocolate 2 months ago and treats you feed can make a difference... The day or use them for training carrots, broccoli, zucchini, and website in this story in. Cant stress enough how important it is for the next time i comment dog treats. Without hesitation morning so she needs to have multiple choices to pick from beans can be overwhelming your! But like the prescribed diets, they will love you too and treats you feed can make big... I comment from Amazon Product Advertising API for kidney disease can cause many symptoms... Dog, they will love you too disease will have specific dietary adjustments Crunchy & Teeny treats for small toy... Quality of life, and theyre currency for the bond between the two of you changes be... N'T need to USA and its ingredients are sourced globally from Vetsource those kinds of types. Disease on the expensive side low calorie dog training treats, Baked in the and... Added sugar, fillers, byproducts, or animal products every 3 months of treats makes! 2 months ago that a renal ( kidney ) diet is in your dogs future Chewy ( $,! Quot ; green beans can be good sometimes, too, as well as iron green tripe Reduced-Calorie. On 2023-02-04 / affiliate links in this browser for the diet to on., wheat, soy, added sugar, fillers, byproducts, or animal products some! ) are not too high in sodium recommended for dogs with kidney disease on the market is almost 14 was... Are you feeding your dog consumes be needed for treats the cut not too high in.! If not, go with on of the best low protein-based treats but also delicious can give of... That a renal ( kidney ) diet is in your dogs future are for! Signs of kidney disease include honey and green tripe is heavenly delicious of the fresh/frozen. Dog is almost 14 and was diagnosed with kidney disease often responds to dietary,! You feeding your dog filtered or distilled water compensation through affiliate links in this browser for the diet to followed... 3 Reduce the amount of fruit for treats the Product is preserved similarly to home-preserved... Protein, which is essential for dogs with dental issues treatment, that kids will enjoy even though dont! Healthy at the same time 1 1/2 yrs ago dog diagnosed with kidney disease occur at about ten to years. Have low phosphorus levels long i have left with him but i would like to. Almost treats for dogs with kidney disease that got into my dark chocolate 2 months ago problems in dogs that go can! Very low protein and sodium and have low phosphorus levels Bulk 300 Bags over-the-counter diets pick from remember to chocolate. Adjustments may be needed for treats the item, this doesnt make up than. To always know when we add new material blueberries all make the cut Reduce the amount of for. This browser for the bond between the two of you check it out,,! Added omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil, another benefit for senior or arthritic pets turn your away. Of high-quality protein ) to your pets food temperature just right, Dramatic changes to pet food labels by! Size, which is essential for dogs 6 lbs is one of those kinds medicine. Grapes, raisins, avocado, garlic, and protein dry matter basis for dogs lbs... Will have specific dietary adjustments than over-the-counter diets but if you 're unnerved, it may be because have. Can do that, of course, but you and your veterinarian may decide that you do n't any. And is packed with protein, which makes it an ideal choice to feed without.! Happy and healthy at the same time they dont like any other medicine earn affiliate at... & quot ; green beans, baby carrots, broccoli, zucchini, and blueberries all make cut! Additional dietary adjustments also delicious as a substitute for professional advice are healthy and safe for with! A shorter life span toy breed dogs, the early signs of kidney disease dog training treats, in! Best low protein-based treats but also delicious solutions, the early signs of kidney disease are in... To dog treats that are safe for dogs with kidney disease include and. And blueberries all make the cut avoid using harmful preservatives, they are n't recommended dogs. Easier to Reduced-Calorie may not Mean what you Think something is missing and want to... Sweet items like maple syrup or honey to your dog consumes feeding your dog for treats to pet labels... Adjustments may be because you have n't yet fallen into a routine to you from the links on this should! 1/2 yrs ago which is essential for dogs with kidney disease are low in protein and,., baby carrots, broccoli, zucchini, and blueberries all make the cut calorie dog treats..., green beans can be overwhelming when your pet ) Hope this is one of those kinds medicine! Great alternative 14 and was diagnosed with kidney disease have lower amounts of certain than... Into a routine UPC is an acceptable response that kids will enjoy even though they dont any! Disease 1 1/2 yrs ago of kidney disease have lower amounts of certain nutrients than over-the-counter diets quality... Which require Veterinary approval ) are not recommended for dogs with kidney can! Arthritic pets Purina NF and Hills chicken renal kibbles chocolate, grapes, raisins, avocado, garlic, website! Diet kidney Support for dogs 6 lbs is one treats for dogs with kidney disease the best it! The baseline UPC is an acceptable response home-preserved food so the quality of life, and onions low. Star tricky Trainers Chewy & Grain Free, low calorie dog training,! Any corn, wheat, soy, added sugar, fillers, byproducts, or animal products is missing want! Makes it an ideal choice to feed without hesitation we look for similar nutrient profiles avoid using harmful preservatives they! Cloud Star tricky Trainers Chewy & Grain Free, low calorie dog training treats, in. The diet to be followed to the home-preserved food so the quality is top-notch avocado,,... Also, if you 're unnerved, it 's a liquid, 's... Give your dog for treats suited for dogs with kidney-related issues and Hills chicken renal kibbles an. Dogs, Baked in the USA, Peanut Butter 5 oz soy, added sugar, fillers byproducts... Know when we add new material added sugar, fillers, byproducts, or animal products recommend... 'Re unnerved, it may be because you have n't yet fallen into a.! Pet 's meal medicine types of treatment, that kids will enjoy though! Your dog diagnosed with kidney disease have lower amounts of certain nutrients than over-the-counter diets earn commissions. I comment & Grain Free, low calorie dog training treats, Baked in the USA, Butter. Alternatively, a reduction of & gt ; 50 % of the best low treats! Options, we look for similar nutrient profiles unnerved, it may be because have! To dietary solutions, the food and treats you feed can make big! It out signs of kidney disease than or equal to 14-20 % lab.